Florida's 16th Congressional District election, 2024 (August 20 Republican primary)
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Florida's 16th Congressional District |
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Democratic primary Republican primary General election |
Election details |
Filing deadline: April 26, 2024 |
Primary: August 20, 2024 General: November 5, 2024 |
How to vote |
Poll times: 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. Voting in Florida |
Race ratings |
DDHQ and The Hill: Safe Republican Inside Elections: Solid Republican Sabato's Crystal Ball: Safe Republican |
Ballotpedia analysis |
U.S. Senate battlegrounds U.S. House battlegrounds Federal and state primary competitiveness Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2024 |
See also |
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Incumbent Vern Buchanan (R) defeated Eddie Speir (R) in the Republican primary for Florida's 16th Congressional District on August 20, 2024. Click here for detailed election results.
Buchanan was first elected to the U.S. House in 2006. He defeated his two most recent primary challengers, James Satcher in 2016 and Martin Hyde in 2022, by 61 and 72 percentage points, respectively.
The Tampa Bay Times called Speir's run "a challenge from the right."[1] Speir said, "[W]e have witnessed a shocking erosion of our individual rights and liberties. Where has Vern Buchanan been?" and called Buchanan "a statesman for the status quo."[1] Buchanan said, “We’ve built up a good reputation, a good name, and we’ve done a good job for a long time. I think you’ll see that at the ballot box.”[2] Buchanan campaign manager Max Goodman said, “Even the most rabid Republicans are turned off by Speir.”[2]
In the 118th Congress, Buchanan was Vice Chair of the House Ways and Means Committee and chaired its Health Subcommittee. Buchanan highlighted these committee positions in the campaign and said he would “continue to be a strong advocate for protecting and strengthening Medicare for both today’s seniors and future generations.”[3] His campaign site stated further: “Balancing the budget is an urgent priority as the U.S. national debt has reached $31 trillion and continues to grow.”[3]
Speir founded and sold a financial software company and also founded a private Christian school.[4] In January 2023, Gov. Ron DeSantis (R) appointed Speir to the New College of Florida Board of Trustees, but the Florida Senate did not confirm the appointment.[5] Speir called Buchanan out of touch with the district’s needs.[6] He said Buchanan had “consistently been one of the biggest spenders in Congress, outspending most Democrats to approve funding that is disconnected from his constituents' immediate needs and concerns.”[6]
As of August 20, 2024, The Cook Political Report with Amy Walter, Decision Desk HQ and The Hill, Inside Elections with Nathan L. Gonzales, and Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball all rated the general election Solid/Safe Republican. The last Democrat to represent the district was Tim Mahoney (D) in 2006.
This page focuses on Florida's 16th Congressional District Republican primary. For more in-depth information on the district's Democratic primary and the general election, see the following pages:
- Florida's 16th Congressional District election, 2024 (August 20 Democratic primary)
- Florida's 16th Congressional District election, 2024
Candidates and election results
Republican primary election
Republican primary for U.S. House Florida District 16
Incumbent Vern Buchanan defeated Eddie Speir in the Republican primary for U.S. House Florida District 16 on August 20, 2024.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Vern Buchanan | 60.9 | 38,789 |
![]() | Eddie Speir ![]() | 39.1 | 24,868 |
Total votes: 63,657 | ||||
![]() | ||||
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Voting information
- See also: Voting in Florida
Candidate comparison
Candidate profiles
This section includes candidate profiles that may be created in one of two ways: either the candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey, or Ballotpedia staff may compile a profile based on campaign websites, advertisements, and public statements after identifying the candidate as noteworthy. For more on how we select candidates to include, click here.
Party: Republican Party
Incumbent: Yes
Political Office:
- U.S. House Florida District 16 (Assumed office: 2013)
- U.S. House Florida District 13 (2007-2013)
Biography: Buchanan served six years in the Air National Guard and graduated from Cleary University with a B.B.A. in 1975. He received his M.B.A. from the University of Detroit in 1986. Before entering elected office, Buchanan ran an automobile dealership.
Show sources
This information was current as of the candidate's run for U.S. House Florida District 16 in 2024.
Party: Republican Party
Incumbent: No
Political Office: None
Submitted Biography: "I have been a business leader and entrepreneur for most of my life and have decided to take this experience to congress to serve my country and to defend the rights we as Americans hold dear."
This information was current as of the candidate's run for U.S. House Florida District 16 in 2024.
Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey responses
Ballotpedia asks all federal, state, and local candidates to complete a survey and share what motivates them on political and personal levels. The section below shows responses from candidates in this race who completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey. Candidates are asked three required questions for this survey, but they may answer additional optional questions as well.
Survey responses from candidates in this race
Click on a candidate's name to visit their Ballotpedia page.
Note: Ballotpedia reserves the right to edit Candidate Connection survey responses. Any edits made by Ballotpedia will be clearly marked with [brackets] for the public. If the candidate disagrees with an edit, he or she may request the full removal of the survey response from Ballotpedia.org. Ballotpedia does not edit or correct typographical errors unless the candidate's campaign requests it.
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Eddie Speir (R)
DISMANTLE BUREAUCRATIC CANCER Cancer is when a cell abandons its purpose of serving the body and seeks its own survival. Federal bureaucracies have largely abandoned their purpose of serving “We the People” and have sought their own survival. This cancer is contagious and has grown into the full-blown weaponization of our government against the people. The cure is to starve the cancer via Congress’ power of the purse, to conduct Congressional investigations, and to recapture the legislative authority/power that had been haphazardly delegated to these bureaucracies in the first place. We need courageous members of Congress with principled convictions to restore a constitutionally limited government.
AMERICAN VALUES IN EDUCATION By funding students and not systems, Florida has begun the fight to protect children from the indoctrinating clutches of teachers’ unions. With diligence and determination, we can clear a path on a national level to win back our schools. Then, Florida will serve as a blueprint to complete the restoration of traditional education to the rest of the nation.

Eddie Speir (R)
Dismantling Bureaucratic Cancer
Stopping Human trafficking
American Values in Education
Energy Independence
Medical Freedom
Eddie Speir (R)

Eddie Speir (R)

Eddie Speir (R)

Eddie Speir (R)
Campaign advertisements
Vern Buchanan
Ballotpedia did not come across any campaign ads for Vern Buchanan while conducting research on this election. If you are aware of any ads that should be included, please email us.
Eddie Speir
October 18, 2023 |
View more ads here:
Endorsements
Click the links below to see official endorsement lists published on candidate campaign websites for any candidates that make that information available. If you are aware of a website that should be included, please email us.
Election competitiveness
Polls
- See also: Ballotpedia's approach to covering polls
Polls are conducted with a variety of methodologies and have margins of error or credibility intervals.[7] The Pew Research Center wrote, "A margin of error of plus or minus 3 percentage points at the 95% confidence level means that if we fielded the same survey 100 times, we would expect the result to be within 3 percentage points of the true population value 95 of those times."[8] For tips on reading polls from FiveThirtyEight, click here. For tips from Pew, click here.
The links below show polls for this race aggregated by FiveThirtyEight and RealClearPolitics, where available. Click here to read about FiveThirtyEight's criteria for including polls in its aggregation.
Race ratings
- See also: Race rating definitions and methods
Ballotpedia provides race ratings from four outlets: The Cook Political Report, Inside Elections, Sabato's Crystal Ball, and DDHQ/The Hill. Each race rating indicates if one party is perceived to have an advantage in the race and, if so, the degree of advantage:
- Safe and Solid ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge and the race is not competitive.
- Likely ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge, but an upset is possible.
- Lean ratings indicate that one party has a small edge, but the race is competitive.[9]
- Toss-up ratings indicate that neither party has an advantage.
Race ratings are informed by a number of factors, including polling, candidate quality, and election result history in the race's district or state.[10][11][12]
Race ratings: Florida's 16th Congressional District election, 2024 | |||||||||
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Race tracker | Race ratings | ||||||||
November 5, 2024 | October 29, 2024 | October 22, 2024 | October 15, 2024 | ||||||
The Cook Political Report with Amy Walter | Solid Republican | Solid Republican | Solid Republican | Solid Republican | |||||
Decision Desk HQ and The Hill | Safe Republican | Safe Republican | Safe Republican | Safe Republican | |||||
Inside Elections with Nathan L. Gonzales | Solid Republican | Solid Republican | Solid Republican | Solid Republican | |||||
Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball | Safe Republican | Safe Republican | Safe Republican | Safe Republican | |||||
Note: Ballotpedia reviews external race ratings every week throughout the election season and posts weekly updates even if the media outlets have not revised their ratings during that week. |
Election spending
Campaign finance
Name | Party | Receipts* | Disbursements** | Cash on hand | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vern Buchanan | Republican Party | $1,824,539 | $2,158,676 | $1,049,213 | As of December 31, 2024 |
Eddie Speir | Republican Party | $548,654 | $542,647 | $6,007 | As of September 30, 2024 |
Source: Federal Elections Commission, "Campaign finance data," 2024. This product uses the openFEC API but is not endorsed or certified by the Federal Election Commission (FEC).
* According to the FEC, "Receipts are anything of value (money, goods, services or property) received by a political committee." |
Satellite spending
- See also: Satellite spending
Satellite spending describes political spending not controlled by candidates or their campaigns; that is, any political expenditures made by groups or individuals that are not directly affiliated with a candidate. This includes spending by political party committees, super PACs, trade associations, and 501(c)(4) nonprofit groups.[13][14][15]
If available, this section includes links to online resources tracking satellite spending in this election. To notify us of a resource to add, email us.
By candidate | By election |
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District analysis
Click the tabs below to view information about voter composition, past elections, and demographics in both the district and the state.
- District map - A map of the district in place for the election.
- Competitiveness - Information about the competitiveness of 2024 U.S. House elections in the state.
- Presidential elections - Information about presidential elections in the district and the state.
- State party control - The partisan makeup of the state's congressional delegation and state government.
Below was the map in use at the time of the election. Click the map below to enlarge it.

This section contains data on U.S. House primary election competitiveness in Florida.
Florida U.S. House competitiveness, 2014-2024 | ||||||||||||||
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Office | Districts/ offices |
Seats | Open seats | Candidates | Possible primaries | Contested Democratic primaries | Contested Republican primaries | % of contested primaries | Incumbents in contested primaries | % of incumbents in contested primaries | ||||
2024 | 28 | 28 | 1 | 101 | 56 | 9 | 21 | 53.6% | 15 | 55.6% | ||||
2022 | 28 | 28 | 6 | 151 | 56 | 14 | 24 | 67.9% | 17 | 73.9% | ||||
2020 | 27 | 27 | 2 | 114 | 54 | 10 | 19 | 53.7% | 10 | 40.0% | ||||
2018 | 27 | 27 | 4 | 104 | 54 | 19 | 12 | 57.4% | 11 | 47.8% | ||||
2016 | 27 | 27 | 7 | 100 | 54 | 11 | 13 | 44.4% | 9 | 47.4% | ||||
2014 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 75 | 54 | 5 | 10 | 27.8% | 8 | 29.6% |
Post-filing deadline analysis
The following analysis covers all U.S. House districts up for election in Florida in 2024. Information below was calculated on May 7, 2024, and may differ from information shown in the table above due to candidate replacements and withdrawals after that time.
One hundred three candidates ran for Florida’s 28 U.S. House districts, including 42 Democrats and 61 Republicans. That’s 3.68 candidates per district, less than in the previous three election cycles. There were 5.43 candidates per district in 2022, 4.22 candidates per district in 2020, and 3.86 in 2018.
The 8th Congressional District was the only open district, meaning no incumbents filed to run. That’s the fewest open seats in Florida since 2014 when no seats were open. Incumbent Rep. Bill Posey (R-8th) did not run for re-election because he is retired from public office.
Seven candidates—incumbent Rep. Jared Moskowitz (D-23rd) and six Republicans—ran for the 23rd Congressional District, the most candidates who ran for a seat in 2024.
Thirty primaries—nine Democratic and 21 Republican—were contested in 2024. Thirty-eight primaries were contested in 2022, 29 primaries were contested in 2020, and 31 primaries were contested in 2018.
Fifteen incumbents—two Democrats and 13 Republicans—were in contested primaries in Florida in 2024. That’s less than the 17 incumbents in contested primaries in 2022 but more than the 10 incumbents in contested primaries in 2020.
The 20th Congressional District is guaranteed to Democrats because no Republicans will appear on the ballot. Democrats filed to run in every congressional district, meaning none are guaranteed to Republicans.Partisan Voter Index
Heading into the 2024 elections, based on results from the 2020 and 2016 presidential elections, the Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district was R+7. This meant that in those two presidential elections, this district's results were 7 percentage points more Republican than the national average. This made Florida's 16th the 177th most Republican district nationally.[16]
2020 presidential election results
The table below shows what the vote in the 2020 presidential election would have been in this district. The presidential election data was compiled by Daily Kos.
2020 presidential results in Florida's 16th based on 2024 district lines | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Joe Biden ![]() |
Donald Trump ![]() | |||
45.1% | 54.0% |
Inside Elections Baselines
- See also: Inside Elections
Inside Elections' Baseline is a figure that analyzes all federal and statewide election results from the district over the past four election cycles. The results are combined in an index estimating the strength of a typical Democratic or Republican candidate in the congressional district.[17] The table below displays the Baseline data for this district.
Inside Elections Baseline for 2024 | ||||
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Democratic Baseline ![]() |
Republican Baseline ![]() |
Difference | ||
40.8 | 57.9 | R+17.0 |
Presidential voting history
- See also: Presidential election in Florida, 2020
Florida presidential election results (1900-2020)
- 17 Democratic wins
- 14 Republican wins
Year | 1900 | 1904 | 1908 | 1912 | 1916 | 1920 | 1924 | 1928 | 1932 | 1936 | 1940 | 1944 | 1948 | 1952 | 1956 | 1960 | 1964 | 1968 | 1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Winning Party | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | D | R | R | D | R | R | R | R | D | R | R | D | D | R | R |
Congressional delegation
The table below displays the partisan composition of Florida's congressional delegation as of May 2024.
Congressional Partisan Breakdown from Florida | |||
---|---|---|---|
Party | U.S. Senate | U.S. House | Total |
Democratic | 0 | 8 | 8 |
Republican | 2 | 20 | 22 |
Independent | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Vacancies | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 2 | 28 | 30 |
State executive
The table below displays the officeholders in Florida's top four state executive offices as of May 2024.
State executive officials in Florida, May 2024 | |
---|---|
Office | Officeholder |
Governor | ![]() |
Lieutenant Governor | ![]() |
Secretary of State | ![]() |
Attorney General | ![]() |
State legislature
Florida State Senate
Party | As of February 2024 | |
---|---|---|
Democratic Party | 12 | |
Republican Party | 28 | |
Other | 0 | |
Vacancies | 0 | |
Total | 40 |
Florida House of Representatives
Party | As of February 2024 | |
---|---|---|
Democratic Party | 36 | |
Republican Party | 84 | |
Other | 0 | |
Vacancies | 0 | |
Total | 120 |
Trifecta control
The table below shows the state's trifecta status from 1992 until the 2024 election.
Florida Party Control: 1992-2024
One year of a Democratic trifecta • Twenty-five years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.
Year | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Governor | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
Senate | D | S | S | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
House | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
Election context
Ballot access requirements
The table below details filing requirements for U.S. House candidates in Florida in the 2024 election cycle. For additional information on candidate ballot access requirements in Florida, click here.
Filing requirements for U.S. House candidates, 2024 | ||||||
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State | Office | Party | Signatures required | Filing fee | Filing deadline | Source |
Florida | U.S. House | Ballot-qualified party | 5,181[18] | $10,440.00 | 4/26/2024 | Source |
Florida | U.S. House | Unaffiliated | 5,181[19] | $6,960.00 | 4/26/2024 | Source |
District election history
2022
General election
General election for U.S. House Florida District 16
Incumbent Vern Buchanan defeated Jan Schneider and Ralph E. Hartman in the general election for U.S. House Florida District 16 on November 8, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Vern Buchanan (R) | 62.1 | 189,762 |
Jan Schneider (D) | 37.8 | 115,575 | ||
![]() | Ralph E. Hartman (No Party Affiliation) (Write-in) | 0.0 | 21 |
Total votes: 305,358 | ||||
![]() | ||||
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Democratic primary election
The Democratic primary election was canceled. Jan Schneider advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Florida District 16.
Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
Republican primary election
Republican primary for U.S. House Florida District 16
Incumbent Vern Buchanan defeated Martin Hyde in the Republican primary for U.S. House Florida District 16 on August 23, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Vern Buchanan | 86.2 | 64,028 |
![]() | Martin Hyde | 13.8 | 10,219 |
Total votes: 74,247 | ||||
![]() | ||||
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2020
General election
General election for U.S. House Florida District 16
Incumbent Vern Buchanan defeated Margaret Good in the general election for U.S. House Florida District 16 on November 3, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Vern Buchanan (R) | 55.5 | 269,001 |
![]() | Margaret Good (D) | 44.5 | 215,683 |
Total votes: 484,684 | ||||
![]() | ||||
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Democratic primary election
The Democratic primary election was canceled. Margaret Good advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Florida District 16.
Republican primary election
The Republican primary election was canceled. Incumbent Vern Buchanan advanced from the Republican primary for U.S. House Florida District 16.
Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
2018
General election
General election for U.S. House Florida District 16
Incumbent Vern Buchanan defeated David Shapiro in the general election for U.S. House Florida District 16 on November 6, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Vern Buchanan (R) | 54.6 | 197,483 |
![]() | David Shapiro (D) | 45.4 | 164,463 |
Total votes: 361,946 (100.00% precincts reporting) | ||||
![]() | ||||
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Sean Canfield (No Party Affiliation)
- Eric Allen (G)
- Robert Samuel Kaplan (No Party Affiliation)
Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for U.S. House Florida District 16
David Shapiro defeated Jan Schneider in the Democratic primary for U.S. House Florida District 16 on August 28, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | David Shapiro | 54.7 | 34,807 |
Jan Schneider | 45.3 | 28,834 |
Total votes: 63,641 | ||||
![]() | ||||
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Calen Cristiani (D)
Republican primary election
Republican primary for U.S. House Florida District 16
Incumbent Vern Buchanan advanced from the Republican primary for U.S. House Florida District 16 on August 28, 2018.
Candidate | ||
✔ | ![]() | Vern Buchanan |
![]() | ||||
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Andrew Smyth (R)
2016
Heading into the election, Ballotpedia rated this race as safely Republican. Incumbent Vern Buchanan (R) defeated Jan Schneider (D) in the general election on November 8, 2016. Buchanan defeated James Satcher in the Republican primary, while Schneider defeated Brent King to win the Democratic nomination. The primary elections took place on August 30, 2016.[20][21]
Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | ![]() |
59.8% | 230,654 | |
Democratic | Jan Schneider | 40.2% | 155,262 | |
Total Votes | 385,916 | |||
Source: Florida Division of Elections |
Candidate | Vote % | Votes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
80.6% | 53,706 | ||
James Satcher | 19.4% | 12,900 | ||
Total Votes | 66,606 | |||
Source: Florida Division of Elections |
Candidate | Vote % | Votes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
76.2% | 31,387 | ||
Brent King | 23.8% | 9,782 | ||
Total Votes | 41,169 | |||
Source: Florida Division of Elections |
2014
The 16th Congressional District of Florida held an election for the U.S. House of Representatives on November 4, 2014. Incumbent Vern Buchanan (R) defeated Henry Lawrence (D) in the general election.
Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | ![]() |
61.5% | 169,126 | |
Democratic | Henry Lawrence | 38.4% | 105,483 | |
Write-in | Joe Newman | 0.1% | 220 | |
Total Votes | 274,829 | |||
Source: Florida Division of Elections |
2012
The 16th District of Florida held an election for the U.S. House of Representatives on November 6, 2012. Incumbent from the 13th District, Vern Buchanan won the election in the district.[22]
Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | ![]() |
53.6% | 187,147 | |
Democratic | Keith Fitzgerald | 46.4% | 161,929 | |
Total Votes | 349,076 | |||
Source: Florida Secretary of State "Official Election Results, 2012 General Election" |
Earlier results
To view the electoral history dating back to 2000 for the office of Florida's 16th Congressional District, click [show] to expand the section. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2010 2008
2006 2004
2002 2000 |
2024 battleground elections
- See also: Battlegrounds
This was a battleground election. Other 2024 battleground elections included:
- Oklahoma's 4th Congressional District election, 2024 (June 18 Republican primary)
- State attorney election in Hillsborough County, Florida (August 20, 2024 Democratic primary)
- Utah gubernatorial and lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2024 (June 25 Republican primary)
See also
- Florida's 16th Congressional District election, 2024 (August 20 Democratic primary)
- Florida's 16th Congressional District election, 2024
- United States House elections in Florida, 2024 (August 20 Democratic primaries)
- United States House elections in Florida, 2024 (August 20 Republican primaries)
- United States House Democratic Party primaries, 2024
- United States House Republican Party primaries, 2024
- United States House of Representatives elections, 2024
- U.S. House battlegrounds, 2024
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Tampa Bay Times, "Ousted New College trustee to challenge U.S. Rep. Vern Buchanan," July 8, 2023
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 NOTUS, "This Republican Candidate Is Too Messy for Florida’s Right Wing," April 8, 2024
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Buchanan 2024 campaign website, “Meet Vern,” accessed June 5, 2024
- ↑ Speir 2024 campaign website, "Meet Eddie," accessed June 5, 2024
- ↑ Florida Politics, "Senate refuses to confirm one of Gov. DeSantis' New College trustees," May 10, 2023
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Facebook, "Speir on April 27, 2024," accessed June 5, 2024
- ↑ For more information on the difference between margins of error and credibility intervals, see explanations from the American Association for Public Opinion Research and Ipsos.
- ↑ Pew Research Center, "5 key things to know about the margin of error in election polls," September 8, 2016
- ↑ Inside Elections also uses Tilt ratings to indicate an even smaller advantage and greater competitiveness.
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Nathan Gonzalez," April 19, 2018
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Kyle Kondik," April 19, 2018
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Charlie Cook," April 22, 2018
- ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Outside Spending," accessed December 12, 2021
- ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Total Outside Spending by Election Cycle, All Groups," accessed December 12, 2021
- ↑ National Review.com, "Why the Media Hate Super PACs," December 12, 2021
- ↑ Cook Political Report, "The 2022 Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI℠)," accessed January 10, 2024
- ↑ Inside Elections, "Methodology: Inside Elections’ Baseline by Congressional District," December 8, 2023
- ↑ Average number of signatures required for all congressional districts. Petition signatures only required in lieu of a filing fee.
- ↑ Average number of signatures required for all congressional districts. Petition signatures only required in lieu of a filing fee.
- ↑ Florida Department of State, "Candidate Listing for 2016 General Election," accessed June 25, 2016
- ↑ Politico, " Florida House Races Results," August 30, 2016
- ↑ Politico, "2012 Election Map, Florida," November 6, 2012
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2010," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 4, 2008," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2006," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2004," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 5, 2002," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 2000," accessed March 28, 2013